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The violence came months after in a lightning rebel offensive in December, and at a time when the country's new rulers were attempting to forge a new national army out of a patchwork of former insurgent factions.

‘Widespread and systematic’ violations

The commission named several government-affiliated factions whose members allegedly took part in “extrajudicial killings and torture and ill-treatment" of civilians in Alawite-majority areas “in a manner that was both widespread and systematic.�

They include the 62nd and 76th divisions of the new Syrian army, also known as the and the Hamza Division — both of them formerly part of a coalition made up of Turkish-backed armed factions in northwest Syria. The report also singled out the 400th Division, made up of former brigades of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, an Islamist rebel group that was formerly led by Syria's current interim .

However, the report said the commission "found no evidence of a governmental policy or plan to carry out such attacks." It also found that pro-Assad armed groups had committed “acts that likely amount to crimes, including war crimes."

A separate into the coastal violence ordered by the government released its findings last month. It concluded that some members of the new Syrian military had committed “widespread, serious violations against civilians,� but said there was no evidence that military leaders had ordered those attacks. The government investigation found that more than 1,400 people, most of them civilians, were killed.

In a letter in response to Thursday's U.N. report, Syrian Foreign Minister Asaad al-Shibani said the government takes “serious note of the alleged violations� and that the recommendations — which included increased screening of recruits to the security forces and recruiting from minority communities — “will serve as a roadmap for Syria's continued progress.�

When asked how the government would deal with the divisions that allegedly carried out attacks on civilians, Ibrahim Olabi, legal advisor to the Foreign Ministry, said it was “too early� to speak in detail but that “we are seeking accountability within our capabilities... in order to achieve civil peace and to ensure that these violations are not repeated.�

How the violence unfolded

The U.N. commission's report noted that in the leadup to the coastal violence in March there had been scattered clashes between pro-Assad and new government forces as well as increasing incidents of “harassment and violations" against Alawite communities, "including killings, abductions, looting or occupation of property.�

In early March, pro-Assad armed groups launched a series of attacks on the General Security forces of the new government along the coast. During the clashes that followed, pro-Assad fighters also overran hospitals, shot at and abducted journalists coming to cover the conflict, and in at least one case shot and killed women and children, the report said.

With the General Security forces overwhelmed, tens of thousands of fighters from allied factions, as well as armed civilians, converged on the coast. Many began raiding houses in Alawite-majority areas, where in a large number of cases they “asked civilians whether they were Sunni or Alawi� and �Alawi men and boys were then taken away to be executed,� the report found.

“Most victims were men of Alawi background, aged between 20 to 50 years, though women and children as young as one year old were also killed during house raids,� the report said. In some cases, the bodies were desecrated and family members were prevented from burying their dead.

The report also found that there had been widespread cases of robbery and looting by armed groups.

Allegations of abduction and sexual assault

The commission also investigated reports of kidnapping of Alawite women and found “credible information� of at least six cases in the weeks preceding and following the main outbreak of violence in March. It is investigating “dozens� of other reports. In at least two of the confirmed cases, the victims were “abducted for the purpose of forced marriage,� while in other cases the kidnappers demanded ransoms from the victims' families.

In one particularly disturbing case prior to the coastal clashes, the report said masked men dressed in black and wearing black headbands inscribed with “There is no god but God� abducted a woman from the street and gang-raped her, then sold her to an older man to whom she was forcibly married.

“The Commission is not aware of any individuals being arrested or prosecuted yet in connection with these abductions,� the report said.

Olabi said the allegations are “criminal matters under investigation by the security authorities� and are separate from the investigation into the March coastal violence.

Another threat to the political transition

The report comes as Syria is reeling from another outbreak of sectarian violence last month that has again threatened the country's fragile political transition after nearly 14 years of civil war.

This time, clashes broke out in the southern Sweida province between government forces and local Bedouin tribesmen on one side, and . Hundreds were killed and tens of thousands displaced, and allegations have surfaced of government fighters executing Druze civilians and looting and burning houses.

The government has again launched an investigation into the allegations, but minority communities have become increasingly wary of the Sunni Muslim-led authorities. Last week, held a conference in Kurdish-controlled northeastern Syrian city and called for the formation of a decentralized state and the drafting of a new constitution that guarantees religious, cultural and ethnic pluralism.

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Sewell reported from Beirut.