NEW YORK (AP) 鈥 In the quest to build better for the future, some are looking for answers in the long-ago past.
Ancient builders across the world created structures that are still standing today, thousands of years later 鈥 from Roman engineers who poured thick concrete sea barriers, to Maya masons who crafted plaster sculptures to their gods, to Chinese builders who raised walls against invaders.
Yet scores of more recent structures are already staring down their expiration dates: The concrete that makes up much of our modern world has a lifespan of around 50 to 100 years.
A growing number of scientists have been studying materials from long-ago eras 鈥 chipping off chunks of buildings, poring over historical texts, mixing up copycat recipes 鈥 hoping to uncover how they鈥檝e held up for millennia.
This reverse engineering has turned up a surprising list of ingredients that were mixed into old buildings 鈥 materials such as tree bark, volcanic ash, rice, beer and even urine. These unexpected add-ins could be key to some pretty impressive properties, like the ability to get stronger over time and 鈥渉eal鈥 cracks when they form.
Figuring out how to copy those features could have real impacts today: While our modern concrete has the strength to hold up massive skyscrapers and heavy infrastructure, it can't compete with the endurance of these ancient materials.
And with the rising threats of climate change, there's a growing call to make construction more sustainable. A estimates that the built environment is responsible for more than a third of global CO2 emissions 鈥 and cement production alone makes up more than 7% of those emissions.
鈥淚f you improve the properties of the material by using 鈥 traditional recipes from Maya people or the ancient Chinese, you can produce material that can be used in modern construction in a much more sustainable way,鈥 said Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro, a cultural heritage researcher at Spain鈥檚 University of Granada.
Is ancient Roman concrete better than today's?
Many researchers have turned to the Romans for inspiration. Starting around 200 BCE, the architects of the Roman Empire were building impressive concrete structures that have stood the test of time 鈥 from the soaring dome of the Pantheon to the sturdy aqueducts that still carry water today.
Even in harbors, where seawater has been battering structures for ages, you鈥檒l find concrete 鈥渂asically the way it was when it was poured 2,000 years ago,鈥 said John Oleson, an archaeologist at the University of Victoria in Canada.
Most modern concrete starts with Portland cement, a powder made by heating limestone and clay to super-high temperatures and grinding them up. That cement is mixed with water to create a chemically reactive paste. Then, chunks of material like rock and gravel are added, and the cement paste binds them into a concrete mass.
According to records from ancient architects like Vitruvius, the Roman process was similar. The ancient builders mixed materials like burnt limestone and volcanic sand with water and gravel, creating chemical reactions to bind everything together.
Now, scientists think they鈥檝e found a key reason why some Roman concrete has held up structures for thousands of years: The ancient material has an unusual power to repair itself. Exactly how is not yet clear, but scientists are starting to find clues.
In a , Admir Masic, a civil and environmental engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, proposed that this power comes from chunks of lime that are studded throughout the Roman material instead of being mixed in evenly. Researchers used to think these chunks were a sign that the Romans weren鈥檛 mixing up their materials well enough.
Instead, after analyzing concrete samples from Privernum 鈥 an ancient city outside of Rome 鈥 the scientists found that the chunks could fuel the material鈥檚 鈥渟elf-healing鈥 abilities. When cracks form, water is able to seep into the concrete, Masic explained. That water activates the leftover pockets of lime, sparking up new chemical reactions that can fill in the damaged sections.
Marie Jackson, a geologist at the University of Utah, has a different take. has found that the key could be in the specific volcanic materials used by the Romans.
The builders would gather volcanic rocks left behind after eruptions to mix into their concrete. This naturally reactive material changes over time as it interacts with the elements, Jackson said, allowing it to seal cracks that develop.
The ability to keep adapting over time 鈥渋s truly the genius of the material,鈥 Jackson said. 鈥淭he concrete was so well designed that it sustains itself.鈥
Using tree juice to make sculptures as strong as seashells
At Copan, a Maya site in Honduras, intricate lime sculptures and temples remain intact even after more than 1,000 years exposed to a hot, humid environment. And according to a , the secret to these structures' longevity might lie in the trees that sprout among them.
Researchers here had a living link to the structures' creators: They met with local masons in Honduras who traced their lineage all the way back to the Mayan builders, explained Rodriguez-Navarro, who worked on the study.
The masons suggested using extracts from local chukum and jiote trees in the lime mix. When researchers tested out the recipe 鈥 collecting bark, putting the chunks in water and adding the resulting tree 鈥渏uice鈥 into the material 鈥 they found the resulting plaster was especially durable against physical and chemical damage.
When scientists zoomed in, they saw that bits of organic material from the tree juice got incorporated into the plaster鈥檚 molecular structure. In this way, the Mayan plaster was able to mimic sturdy natural structures like seashells and sea urchin spines 鈥 and borrow some of their toughness, Rodriguez-Navarro said.
Studies have found all kinds of natural materials mixed into structures from long ago: fruit extracts, milk, cheese curd, beer, even dung and urine. The mortar that holds together some of China鈥檚 most famous structures 鈥 including the Great Wall and the Forbidden City 鈥 includes .
Luck or skill?
Some of these ancient builders might have just gotten lucky, said Cecilia Pesce, a materials scientist at the University of Sheffield in England. They鈥檇 toss just about anything into their mixes, as long as it was cheap and available 鈥 and the ones that didn鈥檛 work out have long since collapsed.
鈥淭hey would put all sorts of things in construction,鈥 Pesce said. 鈥淎nd now, we only have the buildings that survived. So it鈥檚 like a natural selection process.鈥
But some materials seem to show more intention 鈥 like in India, where builders crafted blends of local materials to produce different properties, said Thirumalini Selvaraj, a civil engineer and professor at India鈥檚 Vellore Institute of Technology.
According to Selvaraj鈥檚 research, in humid areas of India, builders used local herbs that help structures deal with moisture. Along the coast, they added jaggery, an unrefined sugar, which can help protect from salt damage. And in areas with higher earthquake risks, they used super-light 鈥渇loating bricks鈥 made with rice husks.
鈥淭hey know the region, they know the soil condition, they know the climate,鈥 Selvaraj said. 鈥淪o they engineer a material according to this.鈥
Ancient Roman ... skyscrapers?
Today鈥檚 builders can鈥檛 just copy the ancient recipes. Even though Roman concrete lasted a long time, it couldn't hold up heavy loads: 鈥淵ou couldn鈥檛 build a modern skyscraper with Roman concrete,鈥 Oleson said. 鈥淚t would collapse when you got to the third story.鈥
Instead, researchers are trying to take some of the ancient material鈥檚 specialties and add them into modern mixes. Masic is part of a startup that is trying to build new projects using Roman-inspired, 鈥渟elf-healing鈥 concrete. And Jackson is working with the Army Corps of Engineers to design concrete structures that can hold up well in seawater 鈥 like the ones in Roman ports 鈥 to help protect coastlines from sea level rise.
We don鈥檛 need to make things last quite as long as the Romans did to have an impact, Masic said. If we add 50 or 100 years to concrete鈥檚 lifespan, 鈥渨e will require less demolition, less maintenance and less material in the long run.鈥
___
The Associated Press Health and 国产诱惑福利 Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute鈥檚 国产诱惑福利 and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
