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— She did find the federal government has done a “far from perfect� job of sharing information on foreign interference within government itself.

— Efforts by foreign states to control diaspora communities, known as transnational repression, can take the form of “threats of physical and sexual violence, and even threats to life …�

— The government should consider setting up a new agency to monitor open-source information, including social media platforms, for misinformation or disinformation that could undermine elections.

— Canada needs a hotline to allow citizens to report suspected foreign interference.

— The federal government should adopt a ‘duty to warn’ policy to alert individual Canadians of “credible threats of serious harm� coming directly or indirectly from a foreign entity.

— All political party leaders “should be encouraged� to obtain Top Secret security clearances.

— Riding nomination and party leadership contests should be brought under the Canada Elections Act, and only Canadian citizens and permanent residents should be allowed to vote in them.

— The government should consider whether it would be appropriate to create “a system of public funding for political parties.�

— All electoral communications distributed during an election period which have been generated or manipulated by AI should be watermarked.

This report by ¹ú²úÓÕ»ó¸£Àû was first published Jan. 28, 2025.